Stepwells Of India- Mini Sheet 1

The Architectural Wellsprings of Heritage

Introduction

Stepwells, also known as Baoris, Vavs, or Pushkarinis, are among India’s most unique architectural marvels blending functionality with art, engineering, and spiritual symbolism. Originally designed to conserve water in arid regions, these wells evolved into magnificent monuments of architecture and community life.

Most stepwells are found in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Delhi, and parts of Karnataka, regions where water was scarce and innovation was born from necessity. These monumental structures were not only practical water sources but also spaces of worship, gathering, and respite from the scorching heat. Their geometric precision, sculptural detail, and spiritual depth make them timeless representations of India’s architectural genius.

To celebrate this legacy, the Department of Posts has issued 16 commemorative postage stamps depicting stepwells from different parts of India, highlighting their regional diversity and enduring beauty.

1. Chand Baori, Abhaneri (Rajasthan)

One of the deepest and largest stepwells in India, Chand Baori in Abhaneri village dates back to the 8th–9th century CE. With 3,500 narrow steps spread across 13 storeys, it descends over 30 meters into the ground. The well’s perfect geometry and pavilion balconies surrounding it reflect both practicality and grandeur. It once served as a community water source and a temple tank, featuring remnants of shrines dedicated to Harshat Mata.

2. Raniji Ki Baori, Bundi (Rajasthan)

Built in 1699 CE by Rani Nathavati Ji, the younger queen of Rao Raja Anirudh Singh, this “Queen’s Stepwell” is an ornate 46-meter-deep marvel with multi-storeyed pavilions and intricately carved pillars. Its grand arched gateway, elephant sculptures, and places of worship on each floor make it one of Rajasthan’s most beautiful stepwells.

3. Nagar Sagar Kund, Bundi (Rajasthan)

These twin stepwells, known as Nagar Sagar Kund, were built between 1871–1875 CE by Maharani Chandrabhanu Kumari. Located near Bundi’s Chogan Gate, they are identical in design, crafted from fine stone masonry, and once served the royal women. Their symmetry and proximity to urban life symbolize the stepwell’s role as a civic space.

4. Neemrana Stepwell, Alwar (Rajasthan)

Dating to the 18th century, this nine-storey-deep stepwell in Neemrana stands as a tribute to famine relief efforts by the local rulers. Its vast descent into the earth made it a lifeline in Rajasthan’s arid plains. The sheer scale and simplicity of its design embody the pragmatic beauty of ancient engineering.

5. Toor Ji Ka Jhalra, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)

Built in the 1740s by a queen consort of Maharaja Abhay Singh, this red sandstone stepwell lay submerged for decades before restoration revealed 200 feet of hand-carved stonework. It showcases exquisite carvings of elephants, lions, and deities, representing the refinement of Marwar’s architectural style.

6. Panna Mian Ki Baori, Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Located near Amber Fort, this symmetrical five-tiered stepwell was rediscovered during an excavation in 2018. Distinguished by its octagonal design and geometrical perfection, it lacks ornate carvings, emphasizing balance and proportion over embellishment.

7. Pushkarini Stepwell, Hampi (Karnataka)

Built during the Vijayanagara Empire, this sacred tank served the nearby temples. Excavated in the 1980s, the Pushkarini is notable for its octagonal structure and perfectly symmetrical steps descending into the water. Its simplicity reflects the Dravidian architectural ethos.

8. Muskin Bhavi Stepwell, Lakkundi (Karnataka)

Dating to the 12th century CE, this stepwell near the Nanneshwara Temple in Lakkundi is a masterpiece of Chalukyan architecture. Shaped like a “U,” it is richly carved and connected to the temple through stone channels, signifying the harmonious link between architecture and ritual water use.

9. Rani Ki Vav, Patan (Gujarat)

A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Rani ki Vav was commissioned around 1050 CE by Queen Udayamati in memory of her husband King Bhimdev I. Descending seven levels deep, this Maru-Gurjara style stepwell is adorned with over 500 sculptures depicting deities, apsaras, and scenes from mythology. It is regarded as the “Queen among stepwells” and a jewel of Indian craftsmanship.

10. Dada Harir Stepwell, Ahmedabad (Gujarat)

Built in 1485 CE by Dada Harir, a lady attendant of Sultan Mehmud Begada, this five-storeyed octagonal stepwell exhibits Solanki architectural style. With carved galleries and balconies, it was designed to serve both travelers and the community. The play of light and shadow inside is mesmerizing.

11. Adalaj Stepwell, Ahmedabad (Gujarat)

Constructed in the 15th century, this exquisite stepwell was commissioned by Queen Rudabai and later completed by Sultan Mehmud Begada. It blends Hindu and Islamic design motifs, featuring intricately carved pillars, floral patterns, and mythological scenes, creating one of India’s most elegant water structures.

12. Surya Kund, Modhera (Gujarat)

Located beside the Sun Temple of Modhera, this large rectangular tank was built by King Bhimdev I (1026–27 CE). Known as Surya Kund, it features geometric terraces and miniature shrines, forming one of the finest examples of sacred water architecture. The Kirti-Torana archway marks the temple’s approach.

13. Shahi Baori, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)

Commissioned by Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula, this stepwell was part of the Bara Imambara complex. Designed to store water for the grand structure, it also served as a royal retreat. Its facade, designed by a Delhi craftsman, showcases Awadhi architecture with Mughal influences.

14. Chaus Ali Shah Baori, Farrukh Nagar (Haryana)

Built during the 18th century under Mughal ruler Farrukhsiyar, this stepwell by Ghaus Ali Shah features a stone-and-lime structure with arched verandahs surrounding the central tank. Its Indo-Islamic design reflects Mughal-era civic architecture.

15. Agrasen Ki Baori, Delhi

Located near Connaught Place, this 14th-century stepwell is attributed to the Agrawal community, who trace their lineage to King Agrasen. It extends 60 meters long and 15 meters wide, with 103 steps and three levels of arched niches. Designated as a protected monument by the ASI, it remains one of Delhi’s most iconic heritage sites.

16. Rajon Ki Baori, Delhi

Situated in Mehrauli Archaeological Park, this Lodi-era stepwell (1506 CE) was used by royal masons, hence the name “Rajon Ki Baori.” With four diminishing levels and intricately arched recesses, it reflects Islamic architectural grace and served as both a water source and a social hub.

Conclusion

The Stepwells of India stand as monumental symbols of the nation’s architectural ingenuity and cultural resilience. From Rajasthan’s deep vavs to Gujarat’s sculpted marvels and Delhi’s historical baoris, each structure tells a story of art, devotion, and survival in the face of nature’s extremes.

Through the release of 16 commemorative stamps, the Department of Posts pays tribute to these extraordinary testaments of India’s heritage—where water, architecture, and spirituality converge in perfect harmony.