Supreme Court of India – 75 Years

Introduction: Honoring the Pillar of Indian Justice

The Supreme Court of India, celebrating 75 years, stands as the highest judicial authority in the country. Over the decades, it has played a crucial role in shaping India’s legal landscape, upholding the rule of law, and safeguarding citizens’ rights.

Historical Background: From Presidency Courts to Federal Court

By the 18th century, judicial administration in the three presidency towns was evolving, leading to the establishment of a formal court hierarchy. The Supreme Court of Judicature was set up in 1823, and the Indian High Courts Act of 1861 led to the creation of High Courts in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras in 1862. These institutions laid the foundation for India’s modern legal system.

During the Indian Round Table Conference in London (1930-31), Indian representatives emphasized the need for a Federal Court to oversee disputes within a federal system. This vision materialized under the Government of India Act, 1935, establishing a Federal Court with original and appellate jurisdiction, reducing appeals to the Privy Council and creating a domestic appellate authority.

Establishment of the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of India was formally established on 28 January 1950, just two days after India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic. The inaugural ceremony took place in the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building, the home of the Federal Court from 1937 to 1950. In 1958, the Court moved to its current building, designed to symbolize the scales of justice, with additional wings added in 1979. Today, the Supreme Court houses 19 courtrooms and serves as the pinnacle of India’s judiciary.

Composition and Appointment of Judges

Initially, the Constitution envisaged a Chief Justice and 7 puisne judges, with provisions to increase the number as needed. Today, the Supreme Court comprises the Chief Justice and up to 33 judges, appointed by the President. Judges retire at 65 and must meet qualifications including:

• Minimum five years as a High Court Judge, or
• Ten years as a High Court Advocate, or
• Recognized as a distinguished jurist by the President.

Judicial independence is guaranteed by the Constitution, with judges removable only by a presidential order following parliamentary approval.

Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court exercises:

• Original Jurisdiction: Disputes involving the Government of India and states, or between states themselves, including matters concerning legal rights.
• Appellate Jurisdiction: Civil and criminal appeals from High Courts, including the power to grant special leave to appeal under Article 136.
• Advisory Jurisdiction: Matters referred by the President under Article 143.

Additionally, Public Interest Litigation (PIL) enables individuals or groups to bring matters of public concern directly to the Supreme Court. Legal aid provisions ensure access to justice for all citizens. Article 32 grants extensive powers to enforce Fundamental Rights, making the Supreme Court the guardian of constitutional rights.

Legacy and Contribution

Over 75 years, the Supreme Court has shaped Indian jurisprudence, established legal precedents, and maintained the delicate balance between law, governance, and citizens’ rights. It remains an enduring symbol of justice, fairness, and the rule of law in India.

Commemorative Stamp

The Department of Posts proudly releases a commemorative postage stamp honoring the Supreme Court of India – 75 Years, celebrating its pivotal role in upholding justice, protecting rights, and shaping the legal framework of the nation. This stamp pays tribute to the institution’s enduring legacy and its contribution to India’s democratic ideals.