Kaliya Mardana (bronze statue), 9th Century A.D.

The bronze stamp depicts an image of Krishna dancing on the serpent hoods of Kaliya naga. In the image, Krishna’s right hand is in the “abhayamudra,” a gesture symbolizing protection, while his left hand holds the tail of the snake. Adorned with traditional ornaments such as a necklace, armlets, girdle, and anklets, Krishna is depicted wearing short drawers. Nagaraja, the serpent king, is depicted under five hoods with hands held in the “anjalimudra,” the pose of salutation.

The rectangular pedestal of the image features four hooks on its corners, intended to fasten it securely to a wooden pedestal kept on temple chariots for religious processions. This depiction of Kaliya-Krishna dates back to the 9th century A.D., representing a transition from the Pallava to Chola period, closer to the earliest phase of Chola artistic style. The delicate portrayal of the dancing figure balanced on the serpent hoods and the charm of Nagaraja against the snake hoods are notable features of this artwork.

The legend of Kaliya-Mardan narrates how Krishna subdued the serpent Kaliya, who polluted the waters of the river Kalindi with its venom. Krishna, by playing in the water and engaging in a struggle with Kaliya, eventually overpowered the serpent. Placing his foot on Kaliya’s hoods, Krishna crushed the serpent’s arrogance. As Kaliya grew tired and powerless from the constant fight, Krishna stood on the serpent’s head and began to dance, symbolizing his victory over evil. This legend is recounted in the Bhagavata Purana (Chapters 15-17).

(Text adapted from material courtesy of the National Museum).